The sons
of the Rapoport of Krotoschin who settled in Breslau and Liegnitz adopted, in
1818, the name of Warschauer. During the last 450 years members of the family
have been found in eighty different cities of Europe and Asia.
On the Rapaport Family Name (1)
By Dr. Chanan Rapaport (2)
As the editor of the new feature Tov Shem Tov – in the historical
bimonthly Et-Mol, published by the Ben-Zvi Institute -, I was asked by
the general editor to begin this pleasant task by explaining the
origins, history and folklore associated with this well-known family
name.
This family is very highly regarded in Orthodox circles, as it is a name
borne by Kohanim, the Jewish priestly caste that originated with Aaron
the High Priest and his famous brother Moses our ancient teacher and
leader. Those who carry this name are obviously called upon to bless the
congregation by reciting the priestly benediction and are much in
demand in order to fulfill the requirements of the ceremony of the
redemption of the firstborn (3).
The History of the Name
At various times and in keeping with the Zeitgeist – the mood of the
times – various explanations were given as to the origin of the family
name. From the middle of the sixteenth century, when the memory of the
life of the Jews in Spain and Portugal was fading, until the nineteenth
century, it was stylish among the Jews of Eastern and Western Europe to
consider the Rapaport family among those who were exiled from Spain.
With this attribution they had what could be considered the approval to
be an ancient family along with the status that attached itself to such
families.
During those centuries there were two folkloristic explanations as to the origin of the name Rapaport:
1.The first explanation described the marriage of two distinguished families of Spanish exiles – a son of
the Rapa family married a daughter of the Porto (Portugal) family. The
result of the marriage of the two was the creation of a new family name –
Rapaport.
2. The second explanation claimed that the name Rapaport was the
combination of the important ‘Rav’ [Rabbi] from the city of Oporto, a
major city in Portugal. No one ever bothered, so it seems, to try to
track down the identity of this important rabbi in the history of the
Jews in Portugal but in spite of that this explanation received wide and
prominent resonance (4).
With the second expulsion of Jews from Mainz (5) in 1462, we find some
of the family in northern Italy in the fertile area of the Po River
valley. One son of the Raffa family moved to Venice where he served as a
rabbi. Another relocated to Porto, which today is identified with the
city of Lenyago = Legnago (45o10’N/11o19’E) east of Mantua.
The second half of the name Rapaport is taken from the name of the city
of Porto. When the son who lived in Porto moved to Venice, the Jews of
Venice wanted to differentiate between him and the newly arrived rabbi.
They called him ‘the Raffa from Porto’ while their rabbi was ‘the Raffa
from Venice.’ Over time the name remained Raffa-Porto, hence Rapaport.
Others maintain that the name Rapaport derives from the German word for raven = Rabe or Rape.
A raven appears on the family’s Coat of Arms, found in the Museum of
Shields of Nobility in the Prado Museum in Madrid, Spain. It is also
found on the printer’s mark on the title page of Minha B’lulah, the book
by Rabbi Abraham Menahem, son of Jacob the Kohen, published in Verona
in 1594.
The symbol is representative of the period of the Italian Renaissance
with partially clothed women and plant leaves surrounding the medallion.
Within it are the outstretched hands in the priestly benediction pose
representing the Rappa priestly family and the raven symbolizing the Jew
wandering around the world from place to place.
We know that in 1520, some seventy-five years before the printing of the
above mentioned medallion, one of the members of the family called
himself ‘The circumciser Yitzchak, son of Yechiel the Kohen of the
Ravens’ (6). That is, ‘Raven’ = Rape – as the first part of the family
name was well known for many years by family members.
In the opinion of the later researchers, the second half of the name of
the family = Porto comes from the town of Portobuffole located some
forty kilometers north of Venice. The Rappa family lived in this town
before 1480, almost seventy years before we find them in Porto-Legnago
(7).
The Extent of the Dispersion of the Family and its Contributions
As was already pointed out, in 1380 we find the family in Regensburg in
southern Germany and afterwards in Mainz. Following the numerous
expulsions they wandered about Italy. From there, this family of rabbis,
physicians, scientists, holders of titles of nobility and bankers
spread northward to Vienna, Bohemia and Moravia (today the Czech
Republic), Poland, Galicia, Ukraine, Russia and Lithuania. They also
moved eastward to Hungary, Besserabia and Romania.
From East and Central Europe, at the beginning of the 20th century, the
family looked to the Anglo-Saxon world – United States, Canada, England,
Australia and South Africa. In the wanderings throughout all the
generations Eretz Yisrael was never ignored.
An analysis of the contributions of the Rapaport family in the last six
hundred years to religious and secular literature, education, science,
medicine, art, finance and commerce is beyond the scope of this short
summary.
Relevant information can easily be found in every biography of a member
of this distinguished family and, no less, in the biographies of those
who married into it. In order to better study and appraise the history
and contribution of the family, the Center for the Study of the Rapaport
Family was established in 1990. An indispensable focus of the Center is
our research on the ‘Development of the Jewish Intellectual Class’.
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1) It should be pointed out initially that the name would be spelled
consistently throughout as Rapaport. Following are some, but not all, of
the variations of spellings: Rappaport, Rappoport, Rapoportov,
Rapiport, Rapeport, Rapperport, Rapart, Rappa, Rapovich, Rapert,
Rapport, Rapir and Praport.
2) This article first appeared in the periodical Et-Mol, Vol. 31:2
(184), 2005 and in Sharsheret Hadorot Vol. 20.N. 2. It is reprinted here
with permission through the generous courtesy of their editorial
boards.
3) The redemption of the firstborn is commanded in the Torah where it is
mentioned several times. There is a widespread story about the famous
Gaon of Vilna, known by his acronym ‘HaGRA,’ who was the firstborn in
his family. His father fulfilled this mitzvah as required when he was
thirty days old but he repeated the mitzvah for himself in adulthood.
When he met Rabbi Chayim haKohen Rapaport, the chief rabbi of Lvov, for
the first time, he requested to redeem himself for a third time. He did
this with the explanation that: “Now that he fulfilled the redemption
through a distinguished Kohen, his mind was at ease that it was done
exactly as required by Jewish law.”
4) The author of this article personally heard these two explanations
from the noted professor of history Dr. Ben-Zion Dinur (Dinaburg)
towards the end of the War of Independence, before he was appointed as
the Minister of Education of Israel. Professor Dinaburg was convinced of
the veracity of these explanations.
In the last century, a discussion developed in scientific journals and
in various encyclopedias (see the Bibliography) as to the source of this
name. There are those who are convinced that we are dealing with a
single priestly family, of Ashkenazic origin whose name at first was
RAFFA after the plain in Bavaria north of the city Regensburg
(Ratisbone) (49o01’N/12o07’E), from where this family emerged from
general anonymity. The Jews were expelled from Regensburg in the years
1420-1422, after malicious incitement by the monk Giovanni Capistrano
(1386-1456) and the family arrived in the city of Mainz.
5) As is well known, Johannes Guttenberg of Mainz invented the first
moveable type printing press, in Europe, and opened in Mainz, the first
publishing house. We know that he kept his professional knowledge a
secret and refused to teach Jews the printing profession, lest they
spread heresy. Consequently, we do not know how Rabbi Meshullam
Yekutiel-Kuzi Rappa, (earlier expelled from Regensburg ) and now in
Mainz, learned to be a printer. However, after the second expulsion of
Jews from Mainz, we find Rabbi Meshullam Yekutiel-Kuzi Rappa in northern
Italy. He opened a printing house in the Piove di Sacco townlet
(45o18’N/12o01’E), eighteen kilometers southeast of the city of Padua.
He printed the first Hebrew book ever published in 1472, part one of the
Arba’a Turim of Jacob Ben Asher. The publication of the Arba’a Turim
was completed in 1475 and Rabbi Meshullam Yekutiel-Kuzi a son of the
Raffa-Rapaport family became the world’s first Hebrew printer.
6) Rabbi Eliakim Carmoli, who was the supervisor of the Hebrew Section of the Imperial Library in Paris,
titled his historical research on the Rapaport and Young-Toivim families, ‘The Ravens and the Doves’, (published in 1861)
7) A sad testimony from Portobuffole (Trevizo region) where the family
lived before 1480, is the Blood Libel of 1480, which came in the wake of
the infamous Trent Blood Libel of 1475. In the transcript of the trial,
today located in the Biblioteka Marchana in Venice, the Jews of
Portobuffole were on trial for the murder of a Christian boy for the
ritual needs of Passover. This insidious Blood Libel led to the burning
of three Portobuffole Jews in the San Marco central plaza of Venice.
In September 2005, more than five hundred years later, a delegation from
the city along with its mayor and priest came to the Jewish community
of Venice to seek forgiveness and pardon for this reprehensible act.
By the way, representing the Jews of Israel and the generations of the
Rapaport family at this interesting ceremony was the young Israeli
conductor Mr. Dan Rapoport of Rechovot who lives, temporarily, in
Venice.
Bibliography
a) Brann, Mordechai. Das Geschlecht der "jungen Raben". Centenarium. 1890. pp. 394-399.
b) Brann, Mordechai. And Rosenthal, F. [Eds]. Gedenkbuch zur Erinnerung an David
Kaufmann. Breslau, Schles. Veriages Anstalt, 1900.
c) Carmoly, Elyakim. Haorvim uvnei Yonna. Redelhaim, 1861. [Hebrew].
d) Encyclopedia Judaica. [English Version]. 1972. vol. XIII, pp. 913-5, 1547-8, 1552-7.
e) Freimann, Aron. Haben Juedische Fluechtling aus Mainz im xv. Jahrhundert den Buchdruk
nach Italien gebracht? Journal of Jewish Bibliography. October 1938. Vol. 1[1], pp. 9-11.
f) Jacobi, Paul. The Genesis of the Rapaport family. Sharsheret Hadorot. 1994. Vol. 8[2], pp. V-IX.
g) Jewish Encyclopaedia. Vol. 10. 1901-1906. pp. 133-4, 317, 319-23.
h) Juedisches Lexikon. Harlitz, G. and Kirschner, B. (Eds). 1927-30. Berlin, Vol. IV, pp. 1232-5.
i) Lewin, Louis. Deutsche Einwanderungen in Polnische Ghetti. Jahrbuch der Juedischen
Literarischen Gesellschaft. 1906. Vol. 4, pp. 293-329. 1907. Vol. 5. pp. 75-154.
j) Nissim, Daniele. Famiglie Rapa e Rapaport nell’Italia Settentrionale (sec. XV-XVI) con
un’Appendice sull’origine della Miscellanea Rothschild. Rassegna Mensile di Israel. 2001.
Vol. 47 p. pp. 177-192.
k) Nissim, Daniele. Rapa and Rapaport Families in Northern Italy in the 15th and 16th Centuries.
Avotaynu, International Review of Jewish Genealogy. 2003. Vol. 19 [1], pp. 29 –32.
l) Rapaport, Chanan. The Development of the Jewish Intellectual Class. Avotaynu, International
Review of Jewish Genealogy. 1995. Vol. 11[2], pp. 32.
m) Reifman, Yaakov. Toldot Avraham Menachem ben Yaakov Hacohen. Ha-Shachar. 1872. No.
3, pp. 353-376. [Hebrew]
